In the Finder, views are saved. You open an item, close it, and it'll open to the same view next time. Unless you're using browsing-view (brushed metal), where the view is kept from the previous window. I generally simply use the column-view in browser-mode. I define the "new window" for Finder to something that suits me (by opening it, not selecting anything, adjusting it and then closing it). Dunno about the open/save dialogues. I don't think those have system-wide settings, rather app-specific.